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Product Description. Net Orders Checkout Item Price Qty Total Subtotal £0. Barthélemy St. Helena St. As you can see, standard deviation is many times the magnitude of the expected loss.

The standard deviation for pai gow poker is the lowest out of all common casino games. Many casino games, particularly slot machines, have extremely high standard deviations. The bigger size of the potential payouts, the more the standard deviation may increase.

As the number of rounds increases, eventually, the expected loss will exceed the standard deviation, many times over. From the formula, we can see that the standard deviation is proportional to the square root of the number of rounds played, while the expected loss is proportional to the number of rounds played.

As the number of rounds increases, the expected loss increases at a much faster rate. This is why it is impossible for a gambler to win in the long term. It is the high ratio of short-term standard deviation to expected loss that fools gamblers into thinking that they can win.

It is important for a casino to know both the house edge and variance for all of their games. The house edge tells them what kind of profit they will make as a percentage of turnover, and the variance tells them how much they need in the way of cash reserves.

The mathematicians and computer programmers that do this kind of work are called gaming mathematicians and gaming analysts. Casinos do not have in-house expertise in this field, so they outsource their requirements to experts in the gaming analysis field.

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Any measure that increases the availability of Category B machines risks leading to increased gambling harm for those playing on the machines. All options set out in this section are expected to lead to an increase in the total number of Category B machines across bingo and arcade venues.

This increase is expected to be higher under Option 1 than Option 2, as operators will not be restricted by device constraints.

The increase in Category B machines is expected to be even higher for Option 3, where no restrictions would be applied. Therefore, the risk of increased gambling harm is assumed to be higher for Options 1 and 3 than Option 2.

A more detailed estimate of the impact for each option will be presented in the final stage impact assessment, once further data has been collected. Player protections can be used to mitigate increases in the risk of gambling harm. The Gambling Commission will conduct a future review of the gaming machine technical standards.

This will include assessing the role of sessions limits across Category B and C machines alongside safer gambling tools. The primary benefit of this measure is a reduction in energy and maintenance costs from unused machines. The proposed measure will allow venues to remove unused Category C and D machines and save on the costs of maintaining and powering them.

Energy costs per machine will be estimated in the final stage impact assessment using an energy calculator. We do not currently have sufficient data to estimate the likely reduction of Category C and D machines under each option. We welcome further evidence on this in the consultation response.

Another key benefit is the increased GGY from Category B machines in bingo and arcade venues. Category B machines are significantly more profitable for operators earning considerably higher GGY than Category C and D alternatives.

In the financial year to , the average GGY per Category B machine across all licenced land-based venues was £30,, compared to £2, per Category C machine and £1, per Category D machine.

As such, any change in the composition of gaming machines which results in a higher share of Category B machines will represent an uplift in GGY for operators.

We do not currently have sufficient data to estimate the likely uptake of additional Category B machines under each option, nor on how the average GGY per machine will change as a result. Therefore, we cannot currently estimate the total increase in GGY for each option.

We will use the responses to this consultation as well as wider engagement with the sector to gather data to estimate the likely change in machine configuration in bingo and arcade venues. This will be used to model the estimated increase in GGY for each option in the final impact assessment.

Indirect benefits are also expected to accrue as a result of this measure. A healthier land-based gambling sector, able to compete on a more even basis with similar online gambling opportunities, is likely to support local employment opportunities, regeneration effects and contribute to business rates.

We have been unable to estimate the scale of these benefits at this time. Finally, we anticipate there may be some wellbeing benefits resulting from the continued existence of bingo halls, supported by revision of the rule.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that for some individuals the option of attending physical bingo premises delivers substantial social benefits which would be lost if the sector is not supported. It has not been possible to model these benefits at this stage in the analysis.

How, if at all, would the approaches taken in Options 1, 2 and 3 impact the ability of business to meet customer demand for gaming machines? What impact would options 1, 2 and 3 have on Gross Gambling Yield GGY for businesses? If available, please provide evidence of the potential impact of Options 1, 2 and 3 on the GGY of operators and on the wider gambling sector.

Mandatory response What impact would Options 1, 2 and 3 have on the overall number of Category B machines? What impact would Options 1, 2 and 3 have on the overall number of Category C machines? What impact would Options 1, 2 and 3 have on the overall number of Category D machines? If available, please provide estimates of the potential impact of Options 1, 2 and 3 on the overall number of machines.

What impact would Options 1, 2 and 3 have on the product mix of Category B, C and D machines? For example, cabinets and terminal devices. Please provide any evidence you have on the potential harm of implementing Options 1, 2 and 3 on customers.

What impact would Options 1, 2 and 3 have on the overall number of Category B, C and D gaming machines? Please rank these options in order of preference, with 1 being your preferred option.

Optional response. Please explain why this is your preferred option. Please outline any other proposals relating to machine allowances in arcades and bingo halls that you think that we should consider.

What benefit would this proposal s offer in comparison to Options 1, 2 and 3? Please upload any further evidence or any other information that should be considered in this consultation relating to bingo and arcade gaming machine measures.

The Gaming Machine Circumstances of Use Regulations prohibit the use of debit cards for direct payments to gaming machines, and prohibit any use of credit cards. As they are an extension of card payment, the direct use of contactless mobile systems such as Google Pay or Apple Pay on gaming machines is also prohibited.

The original purpose of the debit card rules was to protect players. Cash-only gambling was assumed to give players more control by providing natural interruptions in play to obtain more cash, helping players play within budget limits.

The legislation also requires ATMs in gambling-licensed premises to be positioned so that any customer who wishes to use them must stop gambling in order to do so, while in pubs and clubs the rule comes from the Code of Practice.

Since these rules were put in place, the use of card payments has increased greatly across society and in many settings cash is a rarity. However, it is still the primary way to pay for machines in land-based venues. For example, some machines accept indirect payment from a debit card via mobile apps.

Some venues also operate a ticketing system, which allows customers to purchase a ticket with a debit card for use on a gaming machine. When casinos reopened following COVID-related closures in , casino operators introduced an approach, agreed by the Gambling Commission, whereby customers could stand up and turn away from gaming tables to complete a debit card transaction with a staff member via a mobile card terminal.

The approach was seen as being consistent with the intention of the Gambling Act Mandatory and Default Conditions England and Wales Regulations and their equivalent in Scotland in ensuring players have a break in play before being able to access additional funds.

So while debit cards can be used at casino tables, they still cannot be directly used as a form of payment on gaming machines in casinos. Gaming machines are currently permitted in a variety of locations and divided into various categories based on factors such as maximum stake and prize available, as well as the premises where they may be used.

Land-based gambling has a significantly larger workforce than online gambling. In addition to this, research commissioned by Bacta showed that in , seaside arcades alone contributed £m in UK GVA, and were responsible for employing around 19, people. Across society, cash has been declining as a form of payment method.

While the existing framework has allowed for some innovation in cashless payments, gambling has largely remained cash-based. The lack of direct cashless payment methods on gaming machines contrasts with the cashless options that consumers have within the wider retail economy.

There has also been a decline in gaming machine usage in alcohol licensed premises. Evidence submitted by the British Beer and Pub Association shows a post-COVID decline in both the percentage of pubs with machines and machine weekly income. Anecdotal industry evidence suggests that payment methods are a factor in this decline in machine usage, as pub goers now pay for food and drink by card but might have previously played a machine using spare change.

This indicates that unless customers actively plan to bring cash to a pub for use on a gaming machine, they are unlikely to be able to use one. Bacta highlighted that pubs no longer give cashback and ATMs have all but disappeared from pubs, making it more difficult for customers to access cash to use on machines.

They also noted the cost of refloating machines, which has become more challenging for pubs where cash payments are not taken over the bar. The societal shift towards cashless payments threatens the future of gaming machine GGY. not including alcohol-licensed and other such premises was £1.

This would likely affect the future viability of land-based venues, which support jobs and have been adversely affected by the pandemic. The introduction of direct forms of cashless payments on gaming machines, subject to suitable safeguards, therefore represents an opportunity to future-proof the land-based gambling industry.

As mentioned above, the existing regulations prohibit the use of debit cards for direct payments to gaming machines, and prohibit any use of credit cards.

Lifting the prohibition will require us to amend secondary legislation, but we do not intend any relaxation of the prohibition to extend to credit card payments. This is because allowing people to gamble with money that they may not have exposes players to a higher risk of harm.

While it is important to future-proof gaming machine payment methods, there must be a balance between this and any elevated risk of harm that could emerge from allowing direct cashless payment methods to be used for gambling.

There is evidence that cashless payment methods are associated with increased expenditure in comparison to the use of cash , which can lead to unintended consequences for consumers including overspending and a higher willingness to pay. Consumer preferences therefore indicate that cashless would need to complement, rather than replace, cash as a gambling payment method.

The need to future-proof the land-based gambling sector provides the rationale for change. However, completely removing the prohibition on the direct use of debit cards within the Gaming Machine Circumstances of Use Regulations would be ineffective in addressing the increased risk of harm from cashless payment methods.

Encouraging further industry innovation within the current framework is unlikely to achieve meaningful progress due to limitations with meeting wider consumer preferences. While app-based digital payments have been encouraging in facilitating customer verification and providing customers with increased choice in payment types, their uptake and level of transactions have been low thus far.

Moreover, the current framework does not solve the issue that unless customers actively plan to bring cash to a pub for use on a gaming machine, then they are unlikely to use one. Permitting cashless in a targeted way, for example allowing debit cards to be used to pay for particular types of gaming machines or machines in certain types of venues, would not provide clarity on the principles and player protections required within a cashless framework.

Completely removing the prohibition on the direct use of debit cards on machines would risk undermining two of the licensing objectives :. The risk would be that some forms of direct cashless payment such as contactless lack account verification and could allow stolen cards to be used on gaming machines.

This would be in contrast to the review and potential implementation of improved verification protocols within online gambling. Completely removing the prohibition could also pose a risk to anti-money laundering compliance. However, some forms of cashless payment methods require authorisation from the account holder.

This includes the use of biometrics on contactless mobile systems such as Apple Pay and PINs on chip and PIN methods. The authorisation required by the account holder in these systems mitigates against the risk of cashless payments facilitating crime through stolen cards being used on gaming machines.

Moreover, this definition should also be flexible enough to accommodate for future technological change within payment methods. Should card account verification such as chip and PIN or Face ID on mobile payment systems be required if direct cashless payments are permitted on gaming machines?

How often should card account verification be required? For example, after a certain number of transactions or when a customer hits a spend threshold. Regulation 7 of the Gaming Machine Circumstances of Use Regulations sets the financial payment limit on the amount a person can deposit on a machine in a single action.

These are £10 for Category B1, B2, B3 and B3A machines, and £5 for Category B4 and C machines. Category D machines currently do not have a committed payment limit. Regulation 7 ensures that there is a maximum value that players can deposit onto a machine in a single action.

Although the current maximum for a single contactless transaction is £ per Financial Conduct Authority rules , payments originating from mobile devices such as Apple Pay are effectively unlimited in terms of a single transaction value due to the higher level of security associated with making payments.

The current maximum amount of cash that can be inserted into a machine at one time is £50 as this is the highest denomination of bank note. In order to bring direct cashless payment methods in line with the cash-based landscape, their maximum transaction value must be considered alongside the existing Gaming Machine Circumstances of Use Regulations What should the maximum transaction value be for direct cashless payments on gaming machines?

Optional response [Sliding scale]. Should the maximum deposit limit for direct cashless payments be the same as those set by the Circumstances of Use Regulations ? Optional response i Category B1 machines ii Category B2 machines?

iii Category B3 machines? iv Category B3A machines? v Category B4 machines? vi Category C machines? vii Category D machines? Should the maximum committed payment limit for direct cashless payments be the same as those set by Circumstances of Use Regulations ? i Category B1 machines?

ii Category B2 machines? In the current predominantly cash-based landscape, ATMs must be positioned to require a player to take a break in play in order to access additional funds. In order to slow the speed of direct cashless transactions and provide a break in play, the government proposes that there should be a minimum transaction time for players making direct cashless payment transactions on gaming machines.

In the Gambling Act Review call for evidence, the Cashless Group submitted a proposal that transactions could take a minimum time of 30 seconds to roughly mimic the time taken from card insertion up until receiving funds at an ATM. As part of the process of allowing players to make debit card transactions by turning away from the gaming table at casinos, the sector committed to an approach of 30 seconds of visual separation in ensuring a break in play before accessing additional funds.

Should there be a minimum transaction time for customers making a cashless transaction on a gaming machine? Deposit limits, session limits and other player-centric controls help to empower customers.

The purpose is to prompt the customer to make the decision about how much they want to play at a time before they may be caught up in the game and less likely to make informed or dispassionate decisions.

These tools prompt players once these limits have been reached. There are existing limits which can be set on machines, as well as cooling-off periods for when these limits are hit. The cooling-off periods require players to temporarily take a break before continuing their session on that gaming machine.

The Bacta Limit Setting standard of enables players to set voluntary limits on session times, as well as limits on the amount of credit that can be inserted within a session.

This standard applies to feasible B3 gaming machines and provides players with a 30 second cooling-off period once voluntary limits are hit.

In addition to this, default limits are also covered by this standard. This is currently triggered by a session time of 20 minutes or £ credit being inserted since session start. The cooling-off period is 5 seconds for the first and second time that the player exceeds the mandatory limit.

The cooling-off period is 10 seconds for the third and subsequent times that the player exceeds the mandatory limit.

However, there is no uniformity across land-based machines as a whole. The breadth of APAS functionality and staff alerts varies by manufacturer. Default limits for machines in betting shops are £ being inserted as credit since session start or 20 minutes of machine play both leading to a 30 second cooling-off period when triggered.

The Commission will conduct a future review of the gaming machine technical standards. This will include assessing the role of session limits across Category B and C machines alongside safer gambling tools.

However, the government believes that there could be benefits to harmonising these measures as part of direct cashless gambling. Should there be voluntary limits the ability for customers to set time and monetary thresholds on gaming machines accepting direct cashless payments?

How long do you think the cooling-off period should be if voluntary limits are hit? Should there be mandatory limits default limits for time and monetary thresholds on machines accepting direct cashless payments? Optional response i Monetary thresholds ii Time thresholds [Sliding scale].

When limits are hit, should that result in a staff alert as well as a customer alert? As previously discussed, an optimal strategy to combat disassociation when gambling combines breaks in play with safer gambling messaging.

GamCare, in collaboration with the BGC, Bingo Association, Bacta and other businesses, have developed a land-based industry code for the display of Safer Gambling information.

This has been voluntarily adopted by BGC members and its objective is to improve consistency when displaying Safer Gambling information across the land-based sector.

The government supports the voluntary measures that have been adopted as part of improving access to Safer Gambling information. The government will consider the need for bespoke dedicated safe play messaging as part of cashless gambling on gaming machines.

In your view, is there any specific safer gambling messaging that should be considered within cashless gambling? Please include any evidence of the potential impact of this messaging.

Players could also benefit from objective statements about their gambling activity rather than purely internal budgeting during sessions.

Research has found that factual information dispels myths, biases and irrational thoughts, and increases informed decision making. Rules introduced by the Gambling Commission in for online slots games mandate the display of money and time spent during a session.

In order to help customers make informed decisions and keep track of spending, the government considers that the display of session time and session net position £ should be mandatory on machines that accept direct cashless payments.

Net position would be defined as the total of all deposits and winnings minus the sum of all losses since the start of the session , and both these proposals would align to the changes made to online game design by the Gambling Commission in Should session time be visible at all times to the customer on machines accepting direct cashless payments?

Should net position be visible at all times to the customer on machines accepting direct cashless payments? At this stage it is difficult to predict the precise impact of these measures. The GGY impact of this measure will depend on the take up of cashless gaming machines by operators, but also on the player protections.

Whilst there are some forms of indirect cashless payment methods under the current framework, as well as ATMs near some gambling locations, the lack of future-proofing for payment methods does risk a real decline in gaming machine GGY.

Please upload any further evidence or any other information that should be considered in this consultation relating to cashless payment measures. Category D machines include a range of low stake machines, such as coin push, crane grabs and slot-style fruit machines.

Category D machines are typically played by families and children and are usually found in seaside arcades, family entertainment centres FECs and unlicensed FECs.

Further details on machine types and permitted locations can be found at Figure There are two types of Category D slot-style machines, one that pays out a small amount of cash, and one that pays out tickets which can be exchanged for a small prize, toy or sweet. Currently, both types of slot-style machines can legally be played by unders.

This was on the basis that whilst cash can be reinserted for further play potentially facilitating behaviours like chasing losses , tickets cannot and have no value beyond what they can be redeemed for within the venue.

Operators are given the autonomy to police the commitment as they see fit. As set out in the white paper, we believe that a more precautionary approach is justified for slot-style games which mirror the mechanics of adult-only gaming machines, particularly those which pay out cash.

However, due to the lack of substantive research or evidence clearly identifying harms resulting from general Category D machines, we do not support a ban on children accessing other Category D machines, such as those that pay out in tickets, crane grabbers or coin pushers.

This change will not only strengthen the existing voluntary commitment from industry, by making it an offence to allow unders to play this type of gaming machine, it will also level the field between operators who are signed up to the voluntary code and those who are not.

Licensed operators are required to place Category B and C machines in age-restricted areas to ensure that unders do not have access to them. For example, a licence for an FEC allows the operator to site an unlimited number of Category C and D gaming machines in premises which are open to all ages.

However, Category C machines must be in a segregated part of the premises that is supervised to prevent children and young people accessing those machines. Unlicensed FECs are entitled to make only Category D machines available, once they have successfully applied for a permit from the licensing authority local authority in England and Wales, licensing board in Scotland.

They do not have any age restricted areas as they have no adult-only machines. The industry has said that they are primarily used by family members who are 18 or over, while children play machines like crane grabs and coin pushers in the same area.

In addition, as the maximum stake on these machines is 10p, these machines are less likely to be played in an area where there are Category C machines which have a maximum stake of £1 and can often be played at different staking levels up to this maximum.

We propose therefore that these machines are allowed to stay in unrestricted areas in licensed and unlicensed FECs, and other premises including but not limited to pubs and travelling fairs.

Moving them to an age restricted area would disproportionately impact small businesses who are reliant on streams of income from all of their different types of machines.

The current industry voluntary code allows these machines to remain alongside all other types of Category D machines. Making it an offence for a person to invite, cause or permit a child or young person to use these machines should act as a further incentive to abide by the rules.

Any more restrictive changes could potentially exacerbate the impact on places like seaside arcade economies by making these machines inaccessible to adults accompanied by children.

In addition, we would like to receive any evidence or information on best practice in these venues that could then be disseminated among operators. On the basis that the demand from these machines comes largely from adults, we expect a limited impact on GGY from these machines as a result of this measure, especially with machines remaining where they can be played by adults who are accompanied by children.

We expect this measure to restrict the play of unders on machines in scope. While unders may make up a small proportion of total players, there is evidence that they do play on these machines.

However, it should be noted that respondents were most likely to have spent their own money on types of gambling activity that are legal or do not feature age restricted products, such as penny pusher or claw grab arcade games.

Further research finds evidence that there is a correlation between the recollection of playing Category D machines in childhood and adult disordered gambling, although causation cannot be shown. Please explain your answer, providing any supporting evidence where available. Should it be a criminal offence for a person to invite, cause or permit children or young persons to play on these machines?

Licensing authorities have an important regulatory role alongside the Gambling Commission in licensing local premises. The Gambling Act created a partnership between the Gambling Commission and licensing authorities in England, Wales and Scotland for the regulation of land-based gambling.

While the Commission licenses operators and individuals, local authorities in England and Wales and licensing boards in Scotland license premises and have the power to place conditions on premises licences as well as to grant or refuse them.

To support their role, licensing authorities collect premises licence fees for applications and annual renewals to cover the cost of administration of their gambling duties and gambling enforcement.

This activity may include inspecting gambling premises to ensure that they are complying with their licence or dealing with complaints from residents or neighbours. A premises licence is required to operate a non-remote premises-based gambling business. The five types of licences included within this are casino premises licences, bingo premises licences, adult gaming centre premises licences, family entertainment centre premises licences, and betting premises licences.

The fees payable for gaming machine notifications and gaming machine permits are not in scope of this review. The Gambling Premises Licence Fees England and Wales Regulations established the maximum level of fees that local authorities in England and Wales can charge for gambling premises licences.

This cap has not been updated since Scottish Ministers also have power to set application and annual fees for premises licences, which differ from the fees set out for England and Wales, and are set out in the Gambling Premises Licence Fees Scotland Regulations Therefore, the proposals set out in this chapter will only apply to licensing authorities in England and Wales.

Licensing fees vary by premises type. For example, the maximum annual fee for a large casino is £10, in England and Wales, and £7, in Scotland. The maximum annual fee for an adult gaming centre arcade is £1, in England and Wales, and £ in Scotland.

The full list of fees is given in Figure 12 below. Note that the different fees currently charged for large and small casinos may be subject to review and harmonisation following the consultation outlined in Chapter 1.

In Scotland, the fees are set at a flat rate by Scottish Ministers. In England and Wales, the government sets a cap and licensing authorities have flexibility below that to set their fees. The fees must be set on a cost recovery basis, to include the cost of both administration and enforcement e.

They are therefore essential for ensuring that licensing authorities can properly regulate gambling in their areas. However, they do have a wide range of powers for applying local considerations. For example, existing powers, such as local policy statements, allow licensing authorities to account for factors such as public health and crime.

Some have expressed a desire to do more to apply local considerations in their areas when making licensing decisions.

We recognise that the maximum for licensing authority fees has not been updated since , during which time inflation has inevitably reduced its value. We believe it is appropriate to increase these fees so that local authorities can cover the costs of their gambling licensing and enforcement activity, and increase activity where needed.

Any fee increase must be linked to the cost to that particular local authority of carrying out its gambling functions. An increase in the cap that can be charged does not provide individual local authorities with an automatic right to increase their fees, rather each local authority must be able to demonstrate the necessity of a fee increase to undertake its enforcement and compliance duties.

We do not currently have sufficient evidence to inform an appropriate percentage increase to the current cap on licensing fees. The lower end of the range aligns roughly with the inflation rate over the last five years.

The higher end takes into consideration that some local authorities may need additional funding to carry out the full extent of administration of their gambling duties and gambling enforcement, such as the development of policy statements.

We are seeking evidence on the following suggested increases to the upper limit which licensing authorities can charge for premises licence fees:. This would potentially generate an additional £, in total annual funding for local authorities and increase average annual costs per premises by £ This would potentially generate an additional £1,, in total annual funding for local authorities and increase average annual costs per premises by £ This would potentially generate an additional £2,, in total annual funding for local authorities and increase average annual costs per premises by £ The primary and intended benefit of this measure is to increase funding for licensing authorities to carry out administrative and enforcement duties in relation to land-based gambling premises in their remit.

The primary cost of this measure is the additional costs incurred by gambling operators resulting from the increased licensing fees. The direct, monetisable impact of these fees is summarised below. The additional annual cost per premises and the total additional annual funding for licensing authorities has been estimated using existing premises numbers.

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After 10 spins, betting 1 unit per spin, the average house profit will be 10 × 1 × 5. The house edge of casino games varies greatly with the game, with some games having an edge as low as 0.

The calculation of the roulette house edge is a trivial exercise; for other games, this is not usually the case. In games that have a skill element, such as blackjack or Spanish 21 , the house edge is defined as the house advantage from optimal play without the use of advanced techniques such as card counting , on the first hand of the shoe the container that holds the cards.

The set of optimal plays for all possible hands is known as " basic strategy " and is highly dependent on the specific rules and even the number of decks used. Traditionally, the majority of casinos have refused to reveal the house edge information for their slots games, and due to the unknown number of symbols and weightings of the reels, in most cases, it is much more difficult to calculate the house edge than in other casino games.

However, due to some online properties revealing this information and some independent research conducted by Michael Shackleford in the offline sector, this pattern is slowly changing. In games where players are not competing against the house, such as poker , the casino usually earns money via a commission, known as a " rake ".

The luck factor in a casino game is quantified using standard deviations SD. Furthermore, if we flat bet at 10 units per round instead of 1 unit, the range of possible outcomes increases 10 fold.

After 10 rounds, the expected loss will be 10 × 1 × 5. As you can see, standard deviation is many times the magnitude of the expected loss. The standard deviation for pai gow poker is the lowest out of all common casino games.

Many casino games, particularly slot machines, have extremely high standard deviations. The bigger size of the potential payouts, the more the standard deviation may increase.

As the number of rounds increases, eventually, the expected loss will exceed the standard deviation, many times over. From the formula, we can see that the standard deviation is proportional to the square root of the number of rounds played, while the expected loss is proportional to the number of rounds played.

As the number of rounds increases, the expected loss increases at a much faster rate. This is why it is impossible for a gambler to win in the long term. It is the high ratio of short-term standard deviation to expected loss that fools gamblers into thinking that they can win.

It is important for a casino to know both the house edge and variance for all of their games. The house edge tells them what kind of profit they will make as a percentage of turnover, and the variance tells them how much they need in the way of cash reserves.

The mathematicians and computer programmers that do this kind of work are called gaming mathematicians and gaming analysts. Casinos do not have in-house expertise in this field, so they outsource their requirements to experts in the gaming analysis field.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.

Download as PDF Printable version. Types of casino games. Not to be confused with Arcade game or Cassino card game. For the video game, see Casino Games.